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Preface xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Java 1 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Why Program? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 What Is a Program Made of? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 The Programming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Review Questions and Exercises 21 Programming Challenges 25 Chapter 2 Java Fundamentals 27 2.1 The Parts of a Java Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 The print and println Methods, and the Java API . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3 Variables and Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4 Primitive Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.6 Combined Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.7 Conversion between Primitive Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.8 Creating Named Constants with final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2.9 The String Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.10 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.11 Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.12 Programming Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2.13 Reading Keyboard Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.14 Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2.15 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Review Questions and Exercises 100 Programming Challenges 105 Chapter 3 Decision Structures 109 3.1 The if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.2 The if-else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3.3 Nested if Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.4 The if-else-if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.5 Logical Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.6 Comparing String Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.7 More about Variable Declaration and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.8 The Conditional Operator (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3.9 The switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3.10 Creating Objects with the DecimalFormat Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.11 The printf Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 3.12 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Review Questions and Exercises 169 Programming Challenges 174 Chapter 4 Loops and Files 179 4.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.2 The while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 4.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 4.4 The do-while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4.5 The for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 4.6 Running Totals and Sentinel Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.7 Nested Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 4.8 The break and continue Statements (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 4.9 Deciding Which Loop to Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 4.10 Introduction to File Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 4.11 The Random Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 4.12 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Review Questions and Exercises 236 Programming Challenges 242 Chapter 5 Methods 247 5.1 Introduction to Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 5.2 Passing Arguments to a Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 5.3 More about Local Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 5.4 Returning a Value from a Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 5.5 Problem Solving with Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 5.6 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Review Questions and Exercises 285 Programming Challenges 289 Chapter 6 A First Look at Classes 297 6.1 Classes and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 6.2 Instance Fields and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 6.3 Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6.4 Overloading Methods and Constructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 6.5 Scope of Instance Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 6.6 Packages and import Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 6.7 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Finding the Classes and Their Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 6.8 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Review Questions and Exercises 352 Programming Challenges 357 Chapter 7 A First Look at GUI Applications 363 7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 7.2 Creating Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 7.3 Equipping GUI Classes with a main Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 7.4 Layout Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 7.5 Radio Buttons and Check Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 7.6 Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 7.7 Focus on Problem Solving: Extending Classes from JPanel . . . . . . 426 7.8 Splash Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 7.9 Using Console Output to Debug a GUI Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 7.10 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Review Questions and Exercises 444 Programming Challenges 448 Chapter 8 Arrays and the ArrayList Class 451 8.1 Introduction to Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 8.2 Processing Array Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 8.3 Passing Arrays as Arguments to Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 8.4 Some Useful Array Algorithms and Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 8.5 Returning Arrays from Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 8.6 String Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 8.7 Arrays of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 8.8 The Sequential Search Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 8.9 Two-Dimensional Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 8.10 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 8.11 Command-Line Arguments and Variable-Length Argument Lists . . . 511 8.12 The ArrayList Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 8.13 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Review Questions and Exercises 523 Programming Challenges 528 Chapter 9 A Second Look at Classes and Objects 533 9.1 Static Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 9.2 Passing Objects as Arguments to Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 9.3 Returning Objects from Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 9.4 The toString Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 9.5 Writing an equals Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 9.6 Methods That Copy Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 9.7 Aggregation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 9.8 The this Reference Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 9.9 Enumerated Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 9.10 Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 9.11 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . 582 9.12 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 Review Questions and Exercises 587 Programming Challenges 591 Chapter 10 Text Processing and More about Wrapper Classes 597 10.1 Introduction to Wrapper Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 10.2 Character Testing and Conversion with the Character Class. . . . . 598 10.3 More String Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 10.4 The StringBuilder Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 10.5 Tokenizing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 10.6 Wrapper Classes for the Numeric Data Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 10.7 Focus on Problem Solving: The TestScoreReader Class. . . . . . . . 639 10.8 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Review Questions and Exercises 643 Programming Challenges 647 Chapter 11 Inheritance 653 11.1 What Is Inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 11.2 Calling the Superclass Constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 11.3 Overriding Superclass Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 11.4 Protected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 11.5 Chains of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 11.6 The Object Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 11.7 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 11.8 Abstract Classes and Abstract Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 11.9 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 11.10 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 Review Questions and Exercises 722 Programming Challenges 727 Chapter 12 Exceptions and Advanced File I/O 733 12.1 Handling Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 12.2 Throwing Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 12.3 Advanced Topics: Binary Files, Random Access Files, and Object Serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 12.4 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 Review Questions and Exercises 778 Programming Challenges 784 Chapter 13 Advanced GUI Applications 787 13.1 The Swing and AWT Class Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 13.2 Read-Only Text Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 13.3 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 13.4 Combo Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 13.5 Displaying Images in Labels and Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 13.6 Mnemonics and Tool Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818 13.7 File Choosers and Color Choosers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 13.8 Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 13.9 More about Text Components: Text Areas and Fonts. . . . . . . . . . . . 833 13.10 Sliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 13.11 Look and Feel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 13.12 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 Review Questions and Exercises 845 Programming Challenges 850 Chapter 14 Applets and More 855 14.1 Introduction to Applets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 14.2 A Brief Introduction to HTML. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 14.3 Creating Applets with Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 14.4 Using AWT for Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 14.5 Drawing Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 14.6 Handling Mouse Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 14.7 Timer Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 14.8 Playing Audio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 14.9 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 Review Questions and Exercises 920 Programming Challenges 927 Chapter 15 Recursion 929 15.1 Introduction to Recursion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 15.2 Solving Problems with Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 15.3 Examples of Recursive Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 15.4 The Towers of Hanoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 15.5 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 Review Questions and Exercises 948 Programming Challenges 951 Chapter 16 Sorting, Searching, and Algorithm Analysis 953 16.1 Introduction to Sorting Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 16.2 Introduction to Search Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978 16.3 Analysis of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989 16.4 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 Review Questions and Exercises 999 Programming Challenges 1002 Chapter 17 Generics 1005 17.1 Introduction to Generics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005 17.2 Writing a Generic Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008 17.3 Passing Objects of a Generic Class to a Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 17.4 Writing Generic Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022 17.5 Constraining a Type Parameter in a Generic Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023 17.6 Inheritance and Generic Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026 17.7 Defining Multiple Type Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030 17.8 Generics and Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033 17.9 Erasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 17.10 Restrictions on the Use of Generic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042 17.11 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044 Review Questions and Exercises 1045 Programming Challenges 1048 Chapter 18 Collections 1051 18.1 Introduction to the Java Collections Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051 18.2 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 18.3 Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077 18.4 Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094 18.5 The Collections Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109 18.6 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 Review Questions and Exercises 1113 Programming Challenges 1117 Chapter 19 Array-Based Lists 1119 19.1 Introduction to Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119 19.2 Creating an Array-Based List to Hold String Objects . . . . . . . . . . 1120 19.3 Creating a Generic Array-Based List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141 19.4 Writing Iterator Classes and Iterable Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156 Review Questions and Exercises 1164 Programming Challenges 1166 Chapter 20 Linked Lists 1169 20.1 Introduction to Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169 20.2 Operations on Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176 20.3 Doubly-Linked and Circularly-Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188 20.4 Recursion on Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197 20.5 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212 Review Questions and Exercises 1212 Programming Challenges 1215 Chapter 21 Stacks and Queues 1219 21.1 Stacks and Their Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219 21.2 Array Implementation of Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222 21.3 Linked Implementation of Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228 21.4 Queues and Their Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233 21.5 Array Implementation of Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233 21.6 Linked List Implementation of Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 21.7 Generic Implementation of Stacks and Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249 21.8 Queues and Breadth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252 21.9 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255 Review Questions and Exercises 1256 Programming Challenges 1258 Chapter 22 Binary Trees, AVL Trees, and Priority Queues 1261 22.1 Binary Trees and Their Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261 22.2 Binary Search Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271 22.3 AVL Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288 22.4 Priority Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301 22.5 Common Errors to Avoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318 Review Questions and Exercises 1318 Programming Challenges 1321 Index 1325 Appendix A: ASCII/Unicode Characters Appendix B: Operator Precedence and Associativity Appendix C: Java Key Words Appendix D: Installing the JDK and JDK Documentation Appendix E: Using the javadoc Utility Appendix F: More about the math Class Appendix G: Packages Appendix H: Working with Records and Random Access Files Appendix I: More about JOptionPane Dialog Boxes Appendix J: Answers to Checkpoints Appendix K: Answers to Odd-Numbered Review Questions Table of Contents
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